Effects of sesamin on fatty acid and cholesterol metabolism, macrophage cholesterol homeostasis and serum lipid profile: A comprehensive review

Sesamin is the major lignan constituent derived from Sesamum indicum seeds and sesame oil. Various studies have reported that sesamin possesses potent lipid-lowering properties. The lipid-lowering effects of sesamin have been mainly attributed to its ability in affecting key events in fatty acid and cholesterol metabolism and in lowering atherogenesis-triggering LDL, VLDL and TG levels, as well as in increasing atheroprotective HDL levels. In this review, we provide a comprehensive summary of the reported anti-hyperlipidemic effects of sesamin, presented both in vitro and in vivo. The molecular anti-hyperlipidemic properties of sesamin that underlie its well-documented anti-atherogenic effects are thoroughly discussed and analyzed. Studies focusing on the ability of sesamin to inhibit fatty acid synthesis, induce fatty acid oxidation, inhibit cholesterol synthesis and absorption and maintain macrophage cholesterol homeostasis are outlined. The effects of sesamin on circulating serum and liver lipid levels are also highlighted. Moreover, the anti-hyperlipidemic effects of sesamin are compared to those of other important sesame lignans like sesamolin and episesamin. Findings reveal that sesamin mainly exerts its anti-hyperlipidemic effects by targeting Δ5 desaturase, HMGCR, ABCA1 and ABCG1 through PPARα, PPARγ, LXRα, and SREBP signaling pathways. Overall, the amount of evidence supporting the anti-hyperlipidemic potential of sesamin in vitro and in vivo is compelling. A thorough understanding of the mechanisms underlying the anti-hyperlipidemic properties of sesamin is imperative for the possible employment of sesamin as an anti-hyperlipidemic and anti-atherogenic agent with minimal side effects.